Unit 4: Period 4: 1800 to 1848

22 terms. Say what each one means, then open the card to check.

• Judicial review

  The power of courts to strike down a law or government action that conflicts with the Constitution, claimed for the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803).

  Example. In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Court used this power to declare that Congress could not ban slavery in the federal territories.

• Louisiana Purchase

  The 1803 purchase of the vast Louisiana Territory from France, which roughly doubled the size of the United States and gave it New Orleans.

  Example. Farmers in Kentucky and Ohio who floated crops down the Mississippi no longer depended on a foreign power to use the port of New Orleans.

• Embargo Act of 1807

  A law backed by Jefferson that kept American ships from sailing to foreign ports, meant to pressure Britain and France to respect American trade.

  Example. New England shipowners saw their vessels sit idle at the docks, and American exports fell sharply in 1808.

• Hartford Convention

  A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 and 1815 that protested the War of 1812 and proposed amendments to limit the South's power and the power to make war.

  Example. One proposal would have required a two-thirds vote of Congress to declare war or to admit a new state.

• Monroe Doctrine

  President Monroe's 1823 statement that the Americas were closed to new European colonies and that the United States would oppose European interference there.

  Example. In 1895 Secretary of State Richard Olney cited the doctrine to demand a say in a boundary dispute between Britain and Venezuela.

• Missouri Compromise

  The 1820 deal that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and barred slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′.

  Example. Under the deal, the land that later became Nebraska, north of the line, was closed to slavery until Congress changed the rule in 1854.

• Corrupt bargain

  Jackson supporters' charge that John Quincy Adams won the 1824 election in the House of Representatives by making Henry Clay his secretary of state.

  Example. Jackson's backers repeated the charge for four years and used it to help him win the 1828 election.

• Spoils system

  Giving government jobs to a winning party's loyal supporters, a practice Jackson defended as rotation in office.

  Example. A local postmaster who had backed Adams could lose the post to a Jackson campaign worker.

• Nullification

  The theory, argued by John C. Calhoun, that a state could declare a federal law void inside its own borders.

  Example. Calhoun laid out the theory, without his name attached, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828.

• Bank War

  Jackson's fight against the Second Bank of the United States, including his 1832 veto of its new charter and his removal of federal deposits from it.

  Example. After 1833, Treasury funds went to chosen state banks, which critics nicknamed pet banks.

• Second Party System

  The contest between Jackson's Democrats and the Whigs from the 1830s to the early 1850s, marked by mass campaigns and high voter turnout.

  Example. In 1840 the Whigs won the presidency with William Henry Harrison's log cabin campaign, and about 80 percent of eligible voters turned out.

• Market revolution

  The shift, roughly 1815 to 1850, from making goods at home for local use to buying and selling in regional and national markets, driven by new transportation and factories.

  Example. By the 1830s, Connecticut clock factories were selling cheap clocks to buyers in many states.

• American System

  Henry Clay's plan to build a national economy with a protective tariff, a national bank and federal spending on roads and canals.

  Example. Clay argued that tariff revenue could pay for roads carrying western crops to eastern factory towns.

• Lowell system

  A way of running textile mills, begun in Massachusetts, that hired young unmarried women from farm families and housed them in company boardinghouses with strict rules.

  Example. A farmer's daughter might work in the mills for a few years and send part of her wages home.

• Cotton gin

  Eli Whitney's 1793 machine for pulling cotton fibers from their seeds, which made short-staple cotton profitable across the Deep South.

  Example. Planters moved with enslaved workers into Alabama and Mississippi to grow cotton on newly cleared land.

• Second Great Awakening

  A wave of Protestant revivals in the early 1800s that stressed each person's choice to be saved and inspired many reform movements.

  Example. At frontier camp meetings, crowds gathered for days of preaching, prayer and singing.

• Immediate abolitionism

  The demand to end slavery at once and without payment to enslavers, rather than step by step.

  Example. Frederick Douglass, who had escaped slavery, lectured across the North calling for an end to slavery without delay.

• Seneca Falls Convention

  The 1848 women's rights meeting in New York, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, that adopted the Declaration of Sentiments.

  Example. Its resolution for women's right to vote was the only one that did not pass unanimously, and Frederick Douglass spoke in its favor.

• Common schools

  Free public schools paid for by taxes, promoted by reformers such as Horace Mann to train citizens and workers.

  Example. In 1839 Massachusetts opened its first state school for training teachers.

• Indian Removal Act

  The 1830 law that let the president negotiate treaties trading Native lands in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River.

  Example. The Choctaw were among the first nations moved west under a treaty signed after the act.

• Worcester v. Georgia

  The 1832 Supreme Court ruling that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct community where Georgia's laws had no force.

  Example. The case began when Georgia jailed a missionary, Samuel Worcester, for living among the Cherokee without a state license.

• Trail of Tears

  The forced removal of the Cherokee from the Southeast to Indian Territory in 1838 and 1839, during which thousands died.

  Example. Families were held in camps and then marched west in groups, many through winter weather.