AP Psychology · Summary

Unit 3 summary

1. Teratogens harm development before birth, and some skills need the right experience during a critical period.
2. Piaget's stages run sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Object permanence comes first, and conservation arrives in the concrete stage.
3. Secure attachment means exploring from a safe base and being easily comforted. Authoritative parenting pairs warmth with clear rules.
4. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. Without the pairing, the response extinguishes.
5. Reinforcement makes a behavior more likely and punishment makes it less likely. Positive adds something, and negative removes something.
6. Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest steady responding and the most resistance to extinction.
7. People also learn without direct rewards: by watching models, by latent learning, and by insight.