Literary Narrative Passages · Lesson 3

Inferring feelings and motives

Literary passages often show feelings instead of naming them. A father who says nothing but eats a second dumpling is telling you something. Inference questions ask you to read those signals: most strongly suggests, most likely, can reasonably be inferred.

Use three sources of evidence. Action: what a character does, especially small, specific movements. Dialogue: what a character says, and what the character chooses not to say. Detail: what the narrator notices and mentions. Then state the feeling or motive in plain, modest words that every piece of evidence supports.

A good inference is one short step from the text. If you need a story the passage never tells (a secret, a past argument, a hidden plan) to make a choice work, the choice goes too far.

The Fourth Filling

1My parents' restaurant served three kinds of dumplings, and it had served the same three for nineteen years: pork and cabbage, chicken and mushroom, and a vegetable filling my mother called "the garden." The menu above the counter had been painted by my father when they opened, and the paint had faded unevenly, so that "garden" was now the brightest word on the wall.

2In March I started testing a fourth filling at home: sweet potato, black beans, and a little smoked chili. I made it on Sunday nights, when the restaurant was closed, and I wrote every version in a notebook. Some versions were too sweet, and one was so smoky that my little cousin refused a second bite. By the eleventh version I thought it was good. By the fourteenth I was sure.

3I brought a plate of them to the kitchen on a Monday afternoon, during the quiet hour between lunch and dinner. My father was chopping scallions. My mother was counting the register. I set the plate between them and said, more loudly than I meant to, "I think these should go on the menu."

4My father put down the knife, wiped his hands on his apron, and ate one dumpling in two bites. Then he ate a second. He did not say anything. He picked up the knife and went back to the scallions, but I noticed that he had moved the plate a few inches closer to his cutting board.

5My mother asked how much a sweet potato cost now. I told her. She asked how long the filling kept in the cooler. I told her that, too, and showed her the page in my notebook where I had tested it: two days, three days, four. She read the page twice, then turned back through the earlier versions, one by one, without saying anything about the dumplings at all.

6That night, after closing, I came down for a glass of water and found the kitchen light still on. My father was standing on a stepladder in front of the menu board with a small brush and a jar of paint, measuring the empty space beneath "garden" with his thumb.

Worked example Easy

Show the whole passage

The Fourth Filling

1My parents' restaurant served three kinds of dumplings, and it had served the same three for nineteen years: pork and cabbage, chicken and mushroom, and a vegetable filling my mother called "the garden." The menu above the counter had been painted by my father when they opened, and the paint had faded unevenly, so that "garden" was now the brightest word on the wall.

2In March I started testing a fourth filling at home: sweet potato, black beans, and a little smoked chili. I made it on Sunday nights, when the restaurant was closed, and I wrote every version in a notebook. Some versions were too sweet, and one was so smoky that my little cousin refused a second bite. By the eleventh version I thought it was good. By the fourteenth I was sure.

3I brought a plate of them to the kitchen on a Monday afternoon, during the quiet hour between lunch and dinner. My father was chopping scallions. My mother was counting the register. I set the plate between them and said, more loudly than I meant to, "I think these should go on the menu."

4My father put down the knife, wiped his hands on his apron, and ate one dumpling in two bites. Then he ate a second. He did not say anything. He picked up the knife and went back to the scallions, but I noticed that he had moved the plate a few inches closer to his cutting board.

5My mother asked how much a sweet potato cost now. I told her. She asked how long the filling kept in the cooler. I told her that, too, and showed her the page in my notebook where I had tested it: two days, three days, four. She read the page twice, then turned back through the earlier versions, one by one, without saying anything about the dumplings at all.

6That night, after closing, I came down for a glass of water and found the kitchen light still on. My father was standing on a stepladder in front of the menu board with a small brush and a jar of paint, measuring the empty space beneath "garden" with his thumb.

In paragraph 4, the father's actions most strongly suggest that he:

  1. thought the filling needed more chili
  2. was too busy to taste the new dumplings
  3. liked the new dumplingsAnswer
  4. wanted the narrator to leave the kitchen

How to solve it

  1. List his actions: he eats one, eats a second, and moves the plate closer.
  2. Ask what eating a second one and pulling the plate nearer have in common: he wants more.
  3. Choose the modest inference: he liked the dumplings.

Why each choice is right or wrong

  • A. Incorrect. The father "did not say anything" about the flavor, and nothing suggests a change to the recipe; this adds a judgment the text never gives.
  • B. Incorrect. He "put down the knife" and ate two dumplings, so he did taste them.
  • C. Correct. "Then he ate a second," and "he had moved the plate a few inches closer to his cutting board." His actions show he liked them.
  • D. Incorrect. Nothing he does sends the narrator away; moving the plate closer keeps the dumplings near, which points the other way.

Worked example Medium

Show the whole passage

The Fourth Filling

1My parents' restaurant served three kinds of dumplings, and it had served the same three for nineteen years: pork and cabbage, chicken and mushroom, and a vegetable filling my mother called "the garden." The menu above the counter had been painted by my father when they opened, and the paint had faded unevenly, so that "garden" was now the brightest word on the wall.

2In March I started testing a fourth filling at home: sweet potato, black beans, and a little smoked chili. I made it on Sunday nights, when the restaurant was closed, and I wrote every version in a notebook. Some versions were too sweet, and one was so smoky that my little cousin refused a second bite. By the eleventh version I thought it was good. By the fourteenth I was sure.

3I brought a plate of them to the kitchen on a Monday afternoon, during the quiet hour between lunch and dinner. My father was chopping scallions. My mother was counting the register. I set the plate between them and said, more loudly than I meant to, "I think these should go on the menu."

4My father put down the knife, wiped his hands on his apron, and ate one dumpling in two bites. Then he ate a second. He did not say anything. He picked up the knife and went back to the scallions, but I noticed that he had moved the plate a few inches closer to his cutting board.

5My mother asked how much a sweet potato cost now. I told her. She asked how long the filling kept in the cooler. I told her that, too, and showed her the page in my notebook where I had tested it: two days, three days, four. She read the page twice, then turned back through the earlier versions, one by one, without saying anything about the dumplings at all.

6That night, after closing, I came down for a glass of water and found the kitchen light still on. My father was standing on a stepladder in front of the menu board with a small brush and a jar of paint, measuring the empty space beneath "garden" with his thumb.

The mother's questions in paragraph 5 suggest that she is mainly considering:

  1. whether the narrator made the filling without help
  2. whether the new dish would be practical to serveAnswer
  3. whether the filling tastes like her own "garden" recipe
  4. whether the father will approve of the idea

How to solve it

  1. Look only at what she asks: price and how long the filling keeps.
  2. Name what those questions share: cost and storage, the business side.
  3. Match: practical to serve.

Why each choice is right or wrong

  • A. Incorrect. Her questions are about what the filling costs and how long it keeps, not about who did the cooking or whether anyone helped.
  • B. Correct. She asks "how much a sweet potato cost now" and "how long the filling kept in the cooler," both questions about running the dish in the restaurant.
  • C. Incorrect. Neither question compares flavors; the "garden" filling is mentioned only in paragraphs 1 and 6.
  • D. Incorrect. She never mentions the father or his opinion; her questions are only about ingredients and storage.

Trap Reading the character's mind beyond the text

Inference choices often go one step too far: "the mother doubted the narrator," "the father was secretly jealous." The passage never shows doubt or jealousy, so those choices fail even if they sound like real family feelings.

Test each choice by pointing to the words that support it. If you cannot point, cross it out.